Degraded Psychophysiological Status in Caregivers and Human Resources Staff during a COVID-19 Peak Unveiled by Psychological and HRV Testing at Workplace

Figures

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  Figure 1. Scores of Anxiety subscale (a) and Depression subscale (b) calculated from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in each tested group. MOB, mobilized healthcare workers; ADM, administrative staff; N-MOB, healthcare professionals who had not been mobilized; and RES, researchers and teachers from the University. Error bars represent the standard deviation. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.

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  Figure 2. Scores on the two factors of the Brief-COPE variables significantly different between subjects (see Table 2), Problem Solving (a) and Avoidance (b). MOB, mobilized healthcare workers; ADM, administrative staff; N-MOB, healthcare professionals who had not been mobilized; and RES, researchers and teachers from the University. Error bars represent the standard deviation. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.

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  Figure 3. Time and frequency domains markers extracted from RR intervals time series. (a) Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences, RMSSD; (b) power in low frequencies, LF power; (c) power in high frequencies, HF power. Error bars represent the standard deviation. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.

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  Figure 4. Refined composite multiscale entropy (RCMSE) analysis of RR interval time series. (a) Sample entropy values at time scales 1 to 5 are reported for each group (MOB, ADM, N-MOB, RES) (mean ± SD). The RCMSE curves for the surrogate shuffled time series are also presented (dotted lines). The entropy index represents the trapezoid approximation of the area under each curve; (b) mean values of the entropy index (Ei, arbitrary unit). ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.

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  Figure 5. Principal component analysis of mixed data with the two main dimensions projected on orthogonal axes. Anxiety and Depression scores were calculated from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Problem solving (Pb-Solving) and avoidance represent the two Brief-COPE subscales that reached significant difference among the tested populations. RMSSD represent the heart rate variability in short-range dynamics, and RCMSE represents the complexity in nonlinear dynamics of heart rate variability. Only quantitative variables are represented in the figure.

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  Figure 6. Mapping of the clusters as a function of PCAmix axes: Dim1 x-axis and Dim2 y-axis are defined from results illustrated in Figure 5. Individuals are numbered and colored according to their cluster. The barycenter of each cluster is represented by a larger symbol.