Cognitive Control Deficits in Alcohol Dependence Are a Trait- and State-Dependent Biomarker: An ERP Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the three-stimulus auditory oddball paradigm. S1: standard stimuli. S2: infrequent target stimuli randomly appeared in a background of frequently occurring S1. S3: infrequent distracter stimuli randomly appeared in a background of occurring S1. The subjects were instructed to respond (click the left mouse button) when S2, but not any other stimuli, appeared. S3 elicits a P3a, and S2 elicits a P3b.

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  Figure 2. Grand averaged P3a was elicited by a three-stimulus auditory oddball paradigm for the alcohol dependence (AD) group (purple lines and green lines) and the healthy control (HC) group (black lines and red lines) at time 1 and time 2. The P3a was presented within a 250- to 450-ms latency window at the Cz electrode site. The gray area is timeframe.

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  Figure 3. Plot of P3a amplitude analysis. The interaction effect for group × time point was significant; the simple effect for group at time 1 level and time 2 level was significant; the simple effect for time point at the alcohol dependence (AD) group level was significant; the simple effect for time point at the healthy control (HC) group level was not significant.

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  Figure 4. Grand averaged P3b was elicited by a three-stimulus auditory oddball paradigm for the alcohol dependence (AD) group (purple lines and green lines) and the healthy control (HC) group (black lines and red lines) at time 1 and time 2. The P3b was presented within a 280- to 650-ms latency window at the Pz electrode site. The gray area is timeframe.

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  Figure 5. Plot of P3b amplitude analysis. The interaction effect for group × time point was significant; the simple effect for group at time 1 level and time 2 level was significant; the simple effect for time point at the alcohol dependence (AD) group level was significant; the simple effect for time point at the healthy control (HC) group level was not significant.