On image quality of microlens arrays in diurnal superposition eyes

High-resolution compound eyes of the superposition type have been found in some diurnal insects, suggesting high-quality optics. Here we study whether a superposition eye could potentially achieve a higher resolution than that of a single, diffraction-limited facet, like in modern optical instruments made of a number of facets. We have developed a schematic diffractional model of the particularly acute superposition eye of the diurnal lepidopteran agaristid moth Phalaenoides Tristifica , and estimated the amount of aberrations required to fit the experimental data. Our results show that if the ommatidia were perfect (aberration-free) and perfectly aligned towards a common centre O, the resolution of the superposition image would be about 10 times higher than that provided by a single facet, and this in spite of the large phase lags between the pencils of light stemming from neighbouring ommatidia, due to the spherical geometry of the eye. In the insect species taken as a model system here, however, retinal sampling is too coarse to take full advantage of the high spatial frequency content of the superposition image. We show that the experimental data can be fitted if aberrations such as misalignment are introduced. A corollary of these results is that a superposition compound eye which was better constructed and avoided misalignment would provide its host with a better resolution than its `apposition eye counterpart'. This might explain why some diurnal compound eyes such as that of the fast-flying lepidopteran Macroglossum can afford sampling the focal image with a number of rhabdom exceeding the number of ommatidia (Warrant et al 1998 J. Exp. Biol. at press).