A molecular method of identifying sex in three‐spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus showed that adult males had a higher prevalence of dermal Glugea anomala cysts than adult females, and young‐of‐the‐year had more than adults. At the end of the breeding season, as predicted, the adult sex ratio became female biased and there was a disproportionate increase in G. anomala parasitism in adult males.
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Arnold et al. (2003) studied this question.
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