BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive disease that is known to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While surgical resection and transarterial therapy can improve overall survival, the biological aspects of HCC contribute to the complexity of its management and limit the effectiveness of current treatment options. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify the limitations of the currently available therapies for HCC and explore the emerging role that histotripsy could play in addressing these limitations, with the intent of informing the direction of future research and clinical management. METHODS: The PRISMA checklist for scoping reviews was followed to structure this review, and a systematic search was conducted in the following online databases: PubMed/MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine), Embase (Elsevier), and Scopus (Elsevier). RESULTS: The current evidence supports that histotripsy offers several key advantages that address the limitations of the current treatment strategies for HCC. Clinical trials have highlighted the ability of this technology to destroy solid tumors and induce remission with minimal side effects. In addition, current preclinical studies point to the potent immunostimulatory effects of histotripsy, including the induction of abscopal effects. This poses significant promise in treating tumor metastasis as well as improving clinical regimens by combining histotripsy with immunotherapy. Future research should aim to overcome the current limitations of histotripsy and enhance clinical outcomes for patients. This review examines existing treatments for HCC, emphasizing the promising potential of combining histotripsy with immunotherapy to target the metastatic and advanced stages of the disease.
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Queen et al. (2025) studied this question.
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