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Electrically compact antennas that exploit the characteristic modes (CMs) of their platforms have recently attracted much attention in military and terminal device antenna research. Conventionally, to design an antenna on a platform, the antenna element is first synthesized in a stand-alone manner, without explicitly considering the platform structure. Electromagnetic compatibility issues may arise since the size of the antenna is usually comparable to the wavelength of operation. In contrast, CM-based platform-integrated antenna design takes advantage of the natural resonant modes of the platforms to achieve the desired properties, such as multiband/wideband operation, polarization or pattern reconfigurability, high isolation between ports (in the case of multiport antennas), and achievement of the specified gain.
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Li et al. (2022) studied this question.
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