Urological malignancies in renal transplant recipients

The risk of urological malignancies is increased for both dialysis and renal transplant patients. Urologists caring for these patients face several issues: (1) how aggressively to evaluate a pretransplant patient for malignancy, (2) how long to wait after treatment of malignancy before transplantation is safe, (3) how to monitor patients after the transplant for malignancy, and (4) how to treat urological malignancies in the transplant patient. The purpose of this review is to address these questions, with an emphasis on the literature published over the past year.