Policy and Legal Framework for Shipping Decarbonization: Vietnam as A Case Study

Decarbonization is an urgent global priority for the shipping sector, necessitating an inclusive transition in technology development, infrastructure investment, policy and regulatory reform, and stakeholders’ engagement. While policy and legal frameworks play a critical role in this transition, policy barriers remain the most significant challenge, particularly for developing countries, as they can delay progress and increase costs. Vietnam, a coastal developing nation, is undergoing a green shipping transformation but faces multiple policy challenges. This study examines Vietnam’s current policy and legal framework for shipping decarbonization, in the line with the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) policy approach. It employs normative legal and policy analysis, together with case study and comparative methods, to identify key deficiencies and barriers. To address these challenges, the study proposes an integrated strategy that incorporates four key perspectives - technical, operational, economic measures, and energy solutions - supported by economic instruments. It outlines three core policies and several tasks to drive decarbonization, focusing on enhancing energy efficiency, restructuring the national fleet, and transitioning to low- or zero-carbon fuels. These policies are tailored to Vietnam’s small-scale shipping sector, providing clear implementation pathways and ensuring stakeholders’ engagement. Additionally, this study serves as a model for developing countries undergoing decarbonization transitions toward a sustainable maritime industry.