Early SARS-CoV-2 infection: Platelet-neutrophil complexes and platelet function

Background Conflicting results have been reported on platelet activity ex vivo and responsiveness in vitro among patients with COVID-19 with or without thromboembolic complications. Objectives To assess platelet reactivity in patients with moderate disease at early stages of COVID-19. Methods We performed a prospective, descriptive analysis of 100 consecutive patients presenting with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection at University Medical Center Freiburg during the first or second wave of the pandemic. Following polymerase chain reaction testing and compliance with study inclusion criteria, 20 SARS-CoV-2–positive and 55 SARS-CoV-2–negative patients (serving as patient controls) were enrolled. In addition, 15 healthy subjects were included. Platelet reactivity was assessed using whole-blood impedance aggregometry and flow cytometry in response to various agonists. Results Platelet aggregation was significantly impaired in the patients with COVID-19 compared with that in the patient controls or healthy subjects. The reduced platelet responsiveness in the patients with COVID-19 was associated with impaired activation of GPIIb/IIIa (α IIb β 3 ). In contrast, low expression of P-selectin at baseline and intact secretion upon stimulation in vitro suggest that no preactivation in vivo , leading to "exhausted" platelets, had occurred. The proportion of circulating platelet-neutrophil complexes was significantly higher in the patients with COVID-19 (mean ± SD, 41% ± 13%) than in the patient controls (18% ± 7%; 95% CI, 11.1-34.1; P = .0002) or healthy subjects (17% ± 4%; 95% CI, 13.8-33.8; P < .0001). An analysis of neutrophil adhesion receptors revealed upregulation of CD11b (α-subunit of α M β 2 ) and CD66b (CEACAM8) but not of CD162 (PSGL-1) in the patients with COVID-19. Conclusion Despite reduced platelet responsiveness, platelet-neutrophil complexes are increased at early stages of moderate disease. Thus, this cellular interaction may occur during COVID-19 without preceding platelet activation.