Heart remodelling and obesity: the complexities and variation of cardiac geometry: Figure 1

Obesity and heart failure are a global epidemic associated with increased cardiovascular risk and significant health-care costs.1 2 Epidemiological evidence suggests that obese patients are 30 % more likely to develop heart failure3 and each incremental body mass index (BMI) rise of 1 kg/m2 can increase the risk of heart failure by 5 % for men and by 7 % for women.4 Moreover, heart weight and body weight have a linear relationship,5 and long-term obesity is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and dilata-tion, which may result in cardiac failure. It remains difficult to distinguish whether symptoms of poor exercise tolerance, dyspnoea and peripheral oedema are secondary to obesity alone or ‘obesity cardiomyopathy ’. On echocardiography left ventricular dilatation is present in 8e40 % of obese individuals, and increased left ventricular wall mass exists in up to 87 % of obese patients.6