Targeting amino acids metabolic profile to identify novel metabolic characteristics in atrial fibrillation

Figures

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  Figure 1. Expression profile of amino acids in patients with AF as compared with control (A) Heatmap of significantly altered plasma amino acids (P<0.05) in AF and control patients. The colors in the heatmap indicated the log-2-transformed values of each amino acids. (B) The general overview of plasma amino acids levels, when we select amino acid with fold change beyond 2 and P-value under 0.05. The y-axis represented log-10-transformed P-value for each amino acid, and the x-axis represented log-2-transformed fold change for each amino acid. Red dots stood for significantly altered amino acids with more than two times of the fold change. (C) Illustration of the significantly altered amino acids in control and AF group. Data were analyzed using the Student’s ttest. Mean ± s.e.m. *P< 0.05, **P< 0.01, and ***P<0.001.

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  Figure 2. ROC analysis of different amino acids to identify AF (A–K) ROC curve analysis for respective amino acids. Area under the ROC curve and P-value for each amino acid were shown in each figure.

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  Figure 3. Relative level of amino acids in control, AF, paroxysmal AF, and persistent AF (A) Heatmap of relative average amino acid in AF, paroxysmal AF, and persistent AF as compared with control patients. The colors in the heatmap indicated the relative amino acid levels in each group as compared with control. (B) 4-Hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic levels in control, total AF, paroxysmal AF, and persistent AF patients. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Mean ± s.e.m. *P< 0.05.

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  Figure 4. Association of amino acids level and clinical factors Correlations between age, blood pressure, heart function, lipid levels, renal function, coagulation function, and amino acid profile in AF patients. The colors in the heatmap stood for efficiency of the Pearson’s correlation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001.

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  Figure 5. Correlation analysis of plasma amino acids between AF and control (A) Correlations between each amino acid in AF patients. (B) Correlations between each amino acid in control patients. The colors within each crossover represented the correlation efficiency between the respective amino acids. Blue color indicated decreased correlation and red color indicated enhanced correlation.

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  Figure 6. Enrichment analysis of plasma amino acids based on pathway and disease (A) Enrichment analysis of plasma amino acids based on pathway. The strongest association was found between AF and threonine and 2-oxobutanoate degradation pathway (P-value <0.001, FDR q<0.001) in the biological pathways. (B) Enrichment analysis of plasma amino acids based on disease. The strongest association was found between AF and early markers of myocardial injuries (P-value <0.001, FDR q<0.001).