Metabolomics and Biomarkers for Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Figures

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  Figure 1. The flowchart shows the research procedure and omics analysis of plasma metabolites. A, The flowchart shows the research procedure. B, Classification of the KEGG metabolic pathways according to which metabolites participate. The x axis represents the number of metabolite annotations, and the y axis represents the annotated KEGG Pathway. C, Quantitative plot of DMs in 3 comparison groups. D, Volcanic map of different metabolites between AFPA and control group. The abscissa is fold‐change converted by log2, and the ordinate is P value converted by −log10. Blue is the downregulated significant difference metabolite, red is the upregulated significant difference metabolite, the circle shape is the metabolite with VIP ≥1, the triangle is the metabolite with VIP <1, and the nonsignificant metabolite is gray. E, Volcanic map of DMs between AFPE and control group. F, Comparison of AFPA and AFPE set of volcanic maps. AFPA indicates paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; AFPE, persistent atrial fibrillation; DMs, differential metabolities; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; PRM, parallel reaction monitoring; UPLC‐MS, ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry;…

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  Figure 2. Different metabolite correlation volcano map and network map of single comparison group. A, Chords of differential metabolite correlation between paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and control group. The starting point of the inner circle link in the figure represents each significantly different metabolite, and the arc on the outer circle represents the classification of the significantly different metabolite. Colored lines represent correlations within various metabolites, red lines represent positive correlations, and blue lines represent negative correlations. When the number of DMs is ≥20, the chord diagram is drawn with the first 20 DMs (<20, use all data) with the smallest P by default. B, Chords of differential metabolite correlation between persistent atrial fibrillation and control group. C, Chords of differential metabolite correlation between paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and persistent atrial fibrillation. D, Comparison between paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and control group differential metabolite correlation network diagram. Correlation network diagram: The color of the line represents the correlation, the red line represents the positive correlation, and the blue…

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  Figure 3. DM cluster diagram of individual comparison and all comparisons of groups and enrichment maps of metabolite pathways in 3 different comparison groups. A, DM cluster diagram of comparison between paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and control group. In the figure, each row represents a DM; each column represents a sample. The color represents the expression level, and blue to red correspond to the expression level from low to high. B, Cluster map of DMs between persistent atrial fibrillation and control group. C, Cluster map of DMs between paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and persistent atrial fibrillation. D, All the DM cluster maps were compared between groups. One metabolite per row and one comparison group per column. Metabolites are derived from the union of DMs across all groups, and the color indicates the fold change of that metabolite in the comparison group. The expression was log2 transformed. E, Metabolic pathway enrichment map of DMs in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and control group. The metabolic pathways with P<0.05 were defined as the metabolic pathways with significant enrichment of DMs, and the top 10 metabolic pathways (<10, use all data) with the smallest P value…

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  Figure 4. Dot plot analysis of 6 different metabolites in different comparison groups (A through F, n=6 in each group) and the receiver operating characteristic analysis of 6 differential metabolites in different comparisons (G through L). AFPA indicates paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; AFPE, persistent atrial fibrillation; and CON, control.

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  Figure 5. Schema for the possible mechanisms of involvement of 4 differential metabolites DMs in atrial fibrillation. See “Discussion” for the detailed explanation of this schema. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; COX‐2, cyclooxygenase 2; DM, differential metabolite; and HDL, high‐density lipoprotein.