Omega-3 & Aspirin Boost in Periodontal Therapy for Type II Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Aim Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and aspirin are increasingly explored as adjuncts in periodontal therapy for patients with type II diabetes, owing to their anti-inflammatory properties. Despite preliminary evidence suggesting their effectiveness in reducing periodontal inflammation and improving metabolic control, comprehensive evaluations at the clinical level remain limited. This systematic review seeks to critically assess the existing evidence to determine the efficacy of these agents in modifying clinical, biochemical, and metabolic parameters in this high-risk patient group. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted across electronic databases, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, and Cochrane Library, to identify relevant studies from inception to January 22, 2024. Included studies were required to be randomised controlled trials and comprise both omega-3 and aspirin as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment. Data extraction was completed independently, and accuracy confirmed by a second reviewer. Data were synthesised using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials. Results A total of 76 records were identified, and three studies met the inclusion criteria. One demonstrated a statistically significant difference in pocket depth, clinical attachment gain and inflammatory markers compared to the control group, and two showed a significant improvement in glycated haemoglobin levels. Conclusion Omega-3 and aspirin combined have the potential to improve clinical parameters and reduce inflammatory markers in the gingival crevicular fluid. Following non-surgical periodontal treatment, this combination may enhance glycemic control and aid in managing type II diabetes. This systematic review offers insights into the potential effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and aspirin as adjuncts to non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with type II diabetes and periodontitis. However, current research is limited by small sample sizes and varied study designs. Consequently, there is insufficient evidence to integrate this approach into clinical practice at present.