Cosmic ray models

We review progress in high-energy cosmic ray physics focusing on recent experimental results and models developed for their interpretation. Emphasis is put on the propagation of charged cosmic rays, covering the whole range from ∼ (20–50) GV, i.e. the rigidity when solar modulations can be neglected, up to the highest energies observed. We discuss models aiming to explain the anomalies in Galactic cosmic rays , the knee, and the transition from Galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays.