Proton-induced radiation stability in FAPbBr3 perovskite detectors: Multi-descriptor damage model and experimental validation

Radiation damage prediction is essential to guarantee the operational reliability of lead halide perovskite detectors deployed in medical imaging, aerospace, and high-energy radiation fields. This work proposes a multi-descriptor model to evaluate proton damage in perovskite detectors, integrating Monte Carlo particle transport with integral nonionizing energy loss (NIEL), damage energy, primary knock-on atom statistics, vacancy distribution, and displacement per atom (DPA). A 10 × 10 × 2 mm3 FAPbBr3 was simulated under monoenergetic 70, 100, 150, 200, and 250 MeV proton beams with 1.0×106 incident protons. The NIEL mass stopping power decreases from 6.47×10−4 to 1.04×10−4 MeV/cm2/g, while vacancy and DPA metrics exhibit distinct energy-dependent behaviors. Irradiation experiments on Bi/FAPbBr3/C devices reveal μτ retentions of 97.2%, 91.5%, and 66.6% at 70, 100, and 150 MeV, accompanied by maximal dark-current deterioration at 150 MeV. Comparative analysis implies that local peak vacancy descriptors may better capture measured degradation trends relative to integral NIEL or total DPA. This study provides a radiation damage prediction model to evaluate the radiation tolerance of perovskite detectors.