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September 17, 2026Discover Mental HealthOpen Access

Middle household income linked to ~170% higher depression odds versus higher income in hospitalized patients.

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Why the study?

Depression and anxiety are common among hospitalized patients and may affect treatment experiences and recovery, but evidence on their prevalence and association with healthcare satisfaction in Bangladesh is limited.

Population

401 hospitalized adult patients in six tertiary hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Comparison

Associations of depressive and anxiety symptoms with healthcare satisfaction and socio-demographic and clinical characteristics

Design

Multicenter cross-sectional study

Key result

Middle household income was associated with significantly higher odds of depression (AOR 2.70) and anxiety (AOR 2.84) compared to higher income among hospitalized patients in Bangladesh.

Authors

ACABM Alauddin ChowdhuryMIMd. Mofizul IslamMSMd. Monir Hossain Shimul

Discussion

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Overview

May inform targeted screening in middle-income inpatients; cross-sectional data leave open causality and generalizability.

Key Points

  • To determine the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and investigate their associations with healthcare satisfaction and sociodemographic characteristics among hospitalized adults.
  • Conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study between October 2021 and April 2022 across six tertiary hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh (N=401 adult inpatients).
  • Selected participants using systematic random sampling and conducted face-to-face interviews using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and a 32-item healthcare satisfaction questionnaire.
  • Analyzed data using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression modeling.
  • Overall, 25.2% (95% CI 21.0%–29.4%) of participants had depressive symptoms and 27.7% (95% CI 23.3%–32.1%) had anxiety symptoms.
  • Middle household income increased odds of depression (AOR = 2.70, 95% CI 1.49–4.89) and anxiety (AOR = 2.84, 95% CI 1.57–5.11), whereas hospital stays ≤ 10 days decreased odds of depression (AOR = 0.06, 95% CI 0.02–0.22) and anxiety (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI 0.06–0.56).
  • Dissatisfaction with medical staff behavior was associated with markedly higher odds of anxiety (AOR = 10.45, 95% CI 1.29–84.37), while living in a nuclear family was protective against anxiety (AOR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.33–0.87).

Study Design

Type

Cross-Sectional (n=401)

Multicenter

Yes

Structured PICO

P
Population
401 hospitalized adult patients in tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh, with a mean age of 48.3 years and 53.1% female, assessed for depression, anxiety, and healthcare satisfaction.
O
Outcome
Prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and their association with healthcare satisfactionpatient reported

Main Result

Odds Ratio: 2.7 (95% CI 1.49–4.89)

Depressive and anxiety symptoms are common among hospitalized patients in Bangladesh and are significantly associated with healthcare satisfaction, particularly regarding medical staff behavior.

Limitations

  • Cross-sectional design limits causal inference
  • Small number of dissatisfied participants for some domains limits statistical precision
  • Disease severity, primary clinical diagnosis, and treatment complexity were not available for adjustment
  • small number of dissatisfied participants

Cite This Study

Chowdhury et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Hospitalized patients (n=401). Middle household income vs. Higher household income was evaluated on Depression (AOR 2.70, 95% CI 1.49-4.89). Middle household income was associated with significantly higher odds of depression (AOR 2.70) and anxiety (AOR 2.84) compared to higher income among hospitalized patients in Bangladesh.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6aabb7f75f706d05830e7506https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-026-00594-2
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