Diffusion of implanted Ge and Sn in β-Ga2O3

The n-type dopants, Ge and Sn, were implanted into bulk (−201) β-Ga2O3 at multiple energies (60, 100, 200 keV) and total doses of ∼1014 cm−2 and annealed at 1100 °C for 10–120 s under either O2 or N2 ambients. The Ge-implanted samples showed almost complete recovery of the initial damage band under these conditions, with the disordered region decreasing from 130 to 17 nm after 1100 °C anneals. Fitting of secondary ion mass spectrometry profiles was used to obtain the diffusivity of both Ge and Sn, with values at 1100 °C of 1.05 × 10−11 cm s−1 for Ge and 2.7 × 10−13 cm s−1 for Sn for annealing under O2 ambients. Some of the dopant is lost to the surface during these anneals, with a surface outgas rate of 1–3 × 10−7 s−1. By sharp contrast, the redistribution of both dopants was almost completely suppressed during annealing in N2 ambients under the same conditions, showing the strong influence of point defects on dopant diffusivity of these implanted dopants in β-Ga2O3.