Hypothyroidism and Temporomandibular Disorders: Exploring Pathophysiological Connections: A Narrative Review

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are multifactorial conditions involving musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction in the jaw region, often influenced by complex interactions among biological, psychological, and systemic factors.Recently, increasing attention has been directed toward the role of endocrine dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism(HT), in the pathophysiology of TMDs.HT, characterized by insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones, is known to affect muscle metabolism, joint mobility, autonomic nervous system regulation, and central pain processing.This review explores the potential biological links between HT and TMDs, focusing on the effects of thyroid hormone deficiency on masticatory muscle function, bone remodeling, and pain sensitization.Emerging evidence from epidemiological studies and clinical observations suggests that patients with HT may exhibit a higher prevalence of TMDs-related symptoms such as muscle pain, joint stiffness, and restricted jaw movement.Additionally, autonomic imbalance and central sensitization associated with thyroid dysfunction may further exacerbate TMDs symptomatology and chronicity.While current findings are largely observational and causality remains unconfirmed, incorporating endocrine factors into the understanding of TMDs may provide a more holistic perspective on diagnosis and treatment.This narrative review aims to highlight the need for further research on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking these two conditions and underscores the potential clinical relevance of thyroid function screening in patients with persistent or atypical TMDs symptoms.