Roles of Suaeda vermiculata Aqueous‐Ethanolic Extract, Its Subsequent Fractions, and the Isolated Compounds in Hepatoprotection against Paracetamol‐Induced Toxicity as Compared to Silymarin

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Suaeda vermiculata, a halophyte consumed by livestock, is also used by Bedouins to manage liver disorders. The aqueous‐ethanolic extract of S. vermiculata, its subsequent fractions, and pure compounds, i.e., pheophytin‐A (1), isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside (2), and quercetin (3), were evaluated for their hepatoprotective efficacy. The male mice were daily fed with either silymarin, plant aq.‐ethanolic extract, fractions, pure isolated compounds, or carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) for 7 days (n = 6/group, p.o.). On the day 7th of the administrations, all, except the intact animal groups, were induced with hepatotoxicity using paracetamol (PCM, 300 mg/kg). The anesthetized animals were euthanized after 24 h; blood and liver tissues were collected and analysed. The serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels decreased significantly for all the S. vermiculata aq.‐ethanolic extract, fraction, and compound‐treated groups when equated with the PCM group (p < 0.0001). The antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD), increased significantly (p < 0.05) for the silymarin‐, n‐hexane‐, and quercetin‐fed groups. Similarly, the catalase (CAT) enzyme level significantly increased for all the groups, except for the compound 2‐treated group as compared to the CMC group. Also, the glutathione reductase (GR) levels were significantly increased for the n‐butanol treated group than for the PCM group. The oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxide (LP) and nitric oxide (NO), the inflammatory markers, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, and the kidney’s functional biomarker parameters remained unchanged and did not differ significantly for the treated groups in comparison to the PCM‐induced toxicity bearing animals. All the treated groups demonstrated significant decreases in cholesterol levels as compared to the PCM group, indicating hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. The quercetin‐treated group demonstrated significant improvement in triglyceride level. The S. vermiculata aq.‐ethanolic extract, fractions, and the isolated compounds demonstrated their hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects, confirming the claimed traditional use of the herb as a liver protectant.