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A list of 108 species of metazoans parasites reported from penguins (Sphenisciformes) is provided, with information on their hosts, habitat and distribution. A total of 22 digeneans, 10 cestodes, 6 acanthocephalans, 31 nematodes, 15 mites and ticks, 25 insects have been found on 18 species of penguins, with most parasites reported from Eudyptula minor. A host-parasite list is also provided.
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Brandão et al. (2014) studied this question.
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