Cleaved and polished surfaces of CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics have been investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. While EDX technique shows the identical CaCu3Ti4O12 stoichiometry for the two surfaces, XPS indicates that the cleaved surface with grain-boundary layers is remarkably Ti-rich and Cu-poor. The core-level spectrum of Cu 2p unambiguously shows the existence of monovalent copper only for the cleaved surface. Possible grain-boundary structure and its formation are discussed.
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Wang et al. (2007) studied this question.
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