Emergence of, and developments in, hydrology ( suimongaku ) in Japan from the late 19th century to 1970

This study synthesizes the history and evolution of hydrology in Japan from the late 19th century to 1970 and its interaction with global developments in the field. Originally, Japan focused on the translation and introduction of Western hydrological knowledge, but soon integrated these concepts into regional practice and addressed its own water issues. By the mid-20th century, Japan began to gain prominence in the global hydrological community by sharing original studies and methodologies. This study highlights the role hydrology plays in Japan by addressing its unique water issues and how they have spurred the rapid introduction and application of hydrology. It also notes the shift towards systematization and methodology after World War II, driven by practical demands and US influence. Finally, this study highlights the significant regional context in the global development of hydrology and suggests further transnational and transregional studies to improve our understanding of the field’s evolution.