Age-Dependent Dynamics of Maternally Derived Antibodies (MDAs) and Understanding MDA-Mediated Immune Tolerance in Foot-and-Mouth Disease-Vaccinated Pigs

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  Figure 1. Age-dependent dynamics of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) in the sera of sows and piglets determined via SP O, A ELISA. To understand the properties of MDAs, five sows and 10 piglets from each sow were screened. For sows, blood was collected 7 days before farrowing. For the piglets born to sows, blood was collected on 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, and 112 days post-birth. Serum antibody titer was determined via SP O, A ELISA using the PrioCheckTM kit and VDPro® kit. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of triplicate measurements (n = 5 for sows and 10 piglets/sow). Data are shown in scatter plots and heat maps. The black dotted line represents the threshold of antibody positive (+) or negative (−). (A–E) represent: (A) Strategy for this study; (B) SP O ELISA determined using the PrioCheckTM kit; (C) SP O ELISA determined using the VDPro® kit; (D) SP A ELISA determined using the PrioCheckTM kit; (E) SP A ELISA determined using the VDPro® kit.

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  Figure 2. Age-dependent dynamics of maternally derived VN titers for O1 Campos, A2001 Argentina, and A24 Cruzeiro in the serum of sows and piglets. To understand the properties of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs), five sows and 10 piglets from each sow were screened. For sows, blood was collected 7 days before farrowing. For piglets born to sows, blood was collected on 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, and 112 days post-birth. The virus-neutralizing antibody (VN) titer for O1 Campos, A2001 Argentina, and A24 Cruzeiro was measured in sampled serum. The black dotted line represents VN titers of 1.65 Log10 or 1.2 Log10. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of triplicate measurements (n = 5 for sows and 10 piglets/sow). Figures were presented as scatter plots and heat maps. (A–C) represent: (A) VN titers for O1 Campos; (B) VN titers for A2001 Argentina; (C) VN titers for A24 Cruzerio.

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  Figure 3. Time kinetics and half-life of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) as measured via SP O, A ELISA. To understand the properties of MDAs, five sows and 10 piglets from each sow were screened. For sows, blood was collected 7 days before farrowing. For piglets born to sows, blood was collected on 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, and 112 days post-birth. Antibody titer in the sampled serum was measured via SP O, A ELISA using PrioCheckTM and VDPro® kits. Data are presented in regression curves for time kinetics and half-life of MDAs. The red dotted line and the green solid line represent the threshold of antibody positive (+) or negative (−), and the half-life of MDAs, respectively. (A–H) represent: (A,B) Time kinetics and half-life of MDAs determined via SP O ELISA using the PrioCheckTM kit; (C,D) time kinetics and half-life of MDAs determined via SP O ELISA using the VDPro® kit; (E,F) time kinetics and half-life of MDAs determined via SP A ELISA using the PrioCheckTM kit; (G,H) time kinetics and half-life of MDAs determined via SP A ELISA using the VDPro® kit. The data represent the mean ± SEM of triplicate measurements (n = 5 for sows or 10 piglets/sow).

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  Figure 4. Time kinetics of maternally derived antibodies determined based on VN titers. To understand the properties of maternally derived antibodies, five sows and 10 piglets from each sow were screened. For sows, blood was collected 7 days before farrowing. For piglets born to sows, blood was collected on 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, and 112 days post-birth. Virus-neutralizing antibody (VN) titers for O1 Campos, A2001 Argentina, and A24 Cruzeiro were measured in the sampled serum. Data are presented in regression curves for time kinetics and half-life of MDAs. The red dotted line and the green dotted line correspond to VN titers 1.65 (Log10) and 1.2 (Log10), respectively. (A–C) represent: (A) Time kinetics of MDA based on VN titers for O1 Campos; (B) time kinetics of MDAs based on VN titers for A2001 Argentina; (C) time kinetics of MDAs based on VN titers for A24 Cruzeiro. The data represent the mean ± SEM of triplicate measurements (n = 5 for sows or 10 piglets/sow).

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  Figure 5. Age-dependent dynamics of IgG, IgM, and IgA in serum from sows and piglets. Five sows and 10 piglets were screened from each sow. For sows, blood was collected 7 days before farrowing, and for piglets born to sows, blood was collected on 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, and 112 days post-birth. The concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA were measured using commercially available ELISA kits. Data are present as the mean ± SEM of triplicate measurements (n = 5 for sows or 10 piglets/sow). (A–C) represent: (A) IgG concentration; (B) IgM concentration; (C) IgA concentration.

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  Figure 6. Treg-associated cytokine levels in serum from sows and piglets. Five sows and 10 piglets were screened from each sow. For sows, blood was collected 7 days before farrowing. For the piglets born to sows, blood was collected on 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, and 112 days post birth. The concentration of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, and TGFβ, was measured using commercially available ELISA kits. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of triplicate measurements (n = 5 for sows or 10 piglets/sow). (A–E) represent: (A) IL-2 concentration; (B) IL-6 concentration; (C) IL-10 concentration; (D) IL-12p40 concentration; (E) TGFβ concentration.