Key result
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the tumor microenvironment through dual immune mechanisms involving the adenosinergic system.
Why the study?
The immunological outcomes of extracellular vesicles in cancer progression are conflicting, with unclear roles in antitumor immunity versus immunosuppression, particularly regarding the adenosinergic system.
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles play a complex, dual role in cancer progression by modulating the tumor microenvironment through both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory mechanisms.
No immediate change to cancer care; leaves open adenosinergic EV targeting for nanomedicine validation.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released especially by cancer cells. They modulate the tumor microenvironment by interacting with immune cells while carrying immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory molecules. In this review, we will explore some conflicting reports regarding the immunological outcomes of EVs in cancer progression, in which they might initiate an antitumor immune response or an immunosuppressive response. Concerning immunosuppression, the role of tumor-derived EVs' in the adenosinergic system is underexplored. The enhancement of adenosine (ADO) levels in the tumor microenvironment impairs T-cell function and cytokine release. However, some tumor-derived EVs may deliver immunostimulatory factors, promoting immunogenic activity, even with ADO production. The modulatory role of ADO over the tumor progression represents a piece in an intricate microenvironment with anti and pro tumoral seesaw-like mechanisms.
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Scholl et al. (2020) conducted a review in Cancer. Extracellular vesicles was evaluated. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the tumor microenvironment through both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory mechanisms, including interactions with the adenosinergic system.
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