Waterbird Diversity as an Indicator of Ecosystem Sustainability in Kuala Bubon Mangrove Forest Indonesia

The Kuala Bubon mangrove ecosystem in West Aceh serves as an important habitat for various waterbird species that are highly sensitive to environmental changes, making them reliable indicators of ecosystem sustainability. This study aims to assess waterbird diversity and identify dominant species as a basis for evaluating the ecological condition of the mangroves. Observations were conducted at six points using point count and transect line methods during July–August 2023. Thirteen species from seven families were recorded, with a Shannon-Wiener diversity index of H’=2.22, indicating moderate diversity. Egretta garzetta was the most dominant species, followed by Hirundo rustica and Actitis hypoleucos, reflecting the role of the mangrove as a productive feeding ground. The presence of predators and migratory species further signals a functioning food web and healthy ecological processes. However, anthropogenic pressures such as land conversion, pollution, and fishing activities may threaten habitat quality. These findings highlight the need for sustainable mangrove management and conservation efforts to maintain ecosystem stability and preserve waterbird diversity in the future.