Electrochemistry-enabled manufacturing advancements for metallic systems: a critical retrospect from unified theories to diverse applications over 100 years

After electricity became possible in the 20th century, the 100 years of electrochemistry-enabled manufacturing produced innovative techniques. Facing the next 100 years, a critical review is needed: After discussing fundamental electrochemistry, each process, as well as their innovations and modeling efforts, is reviewed. Their control parameters and manufacturing goals have been summarized, and the related challenges are discussed. Finally, outlook efforts are proposed for insightful solutions of the next centenary.