Rock Mass Risk Assessment Coupling Microseismic Monitoring with Mining–Filling Data: A Deep Mine Case Study from the Sishanling Iron Mine

The intensification of ground pressure and instability of surrounding rock in deep mining are the core safety challenges of metal mines. This article takes the first mining area of the Sishanling Iron Mine from 960 m to 1020 m as the object, and based on the data obtained from the multi-channel microseismic monitoring system for the whole year of 2025, combined with monthly mining and filling parameters, conducts a rock mass risk assessment that couples microseismic activity with the mining and filling process. The results show that microseismic activity and blasting operations exhibit a significant “resonance of the same frequency” response. The event-intensive areas are distributed along the fault zone and the edge of the goaf, and migrate in a directional manner from shallow to deep with the advancement of mining. By comparing the photos of the tunnel damage on site on a monthly basis, it was found that the incident gathering area was highly consistent with the locations of roof collapse and debris support, which verified the accuracy of microseismic positioning. Based on this, a risk discrimination index based on event frequency, energy release rate, and spatial concentration was established to dynamically evaluate the −960 m and −1020 m sections on a monthly basis. The local risk intensity in the −1020 m section was higher, and the risk increased compensatorily when the filling was delayed 2–4 weeks after mining, revealing the key control role of the mining filling coordination rhythm on the stability of the surrounding rock. The coupled evaluation system of mining filling microseismic risk constructed in this study can provide technical reference for active early warning and differentiated prevention and control of ground pressure in deep mines.