Bio-fabrication of sustainable MnO2 nanoparticles using Basella alba L. aqueous extract, its physicochemical characterization and in-vitro biological explorations

In this study, Basella alba aqueous extract was analyzed for the presence of phytochemical compounds and used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of Basella alba mediated manganese dioxide nanoparticles ( Ba -MnO 2 -NPs). The synthesized NPs were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Powder X-ray Diffraction, particle size analysis. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus , antioxidant activity through DPPH assay, and anticancer activity against lung cancer cell line A549 were assessed. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids. Ba-MnO 2 -NPs effectively inhibited bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 20 and 40 µg/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus , respectively. They also exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with 67.04% DPPH radical scavenging at 250 µg/mL and an IC₅₀ value of 186.24 µg/mL. Anticancer evaluation against A549 lung cancer cells revealed dose-dependent cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ of 70.55 µg/mL. The eco-friendly biosynthetic method is safe and biocompatible. Hence, this study suggests that synthesized Ba-MnO 2 -NPs may be a suitable candidate for the prevention/treatment of lung cancer.