Selective hydrogenation of nitroaromatics to N -arylhydroxylamines in a micropacked bed reactor with passivated catalyst

-pyrazole, an intermediate in the synthesis of the antifungal reagent pyraclostrobin that includes carbon-chlorine bonds, benzyl groups, carbon-carbon double bonds and other structures that are easily reduced, was chosen as the model reaction for catalyst evaluation and condition optimization. Extensive passivant evaluation showed that RANEY®-nickel treated with ammonia/DMSO (1 : 10, v/v) afforded the optimal result, especially with a particle size of 400-500 mesh. To combine the modified catalyst with continuous-flow reaction technology, the reaction was conducted at room temperature, rendering the desired product with a conversion rate of 99.4% and a selectivity of 99.8%. The regeneration of catalytic activity was also studied, and an in-column strategy was developed by pumping the passivate liquid overnight. Finally, the generality of the method was explored, and 7 substrates were developed, most of which showed a good conversion rate and selectivity, indicating that the method has a certain degree of generality.