Stem cell therapy in diabetes mellitus; a mini-review on recent trends

Stem cells, particularly human pluripotent stem cells, can be effectively differentiated into functional insulin-producing beta cells that mimic native cells in structure and glucose responsiveness. These cells have demonstrated the ability to reverse diabetes in animal models upon transplantation, either through further in- vivo maturation or as fully matured cells generated in-vitro. Activation of endogenous pancreatic progenitors also offers a complementary regenerative approach. Despite these advances, clinical application requires overcoming immune rejection, ensuring safety, and validating long-term efficacy in humans.