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Solid acid (heterogeneous) catalysts have a unique advantage in esterification and transesterification reactions which enhances the use of high acid value oil to be used as feedstock for synthesis of biodiesel. Activated carbon was prepared from walnut shell and activated in two step, first step is (thermal) physical activation calcination at 400 °C. Second step is chemical activation, the Ac were treated phosphoric acid in constant flow of nitrogen. The results obtained that the treated carbon show the amazing physicochemical properties (high surface area, high porosity and high acidity)
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Abdulkareem-Alsultan et al. (2016) studied this question.