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The Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD) is modelled numerically as an equivalent tuned mass damper with non-linear stiffness and damping. These parameters are derived from extensive experimental results described in References 1 and 2. This Non-linear Stiffness and Damping (NSD) model captures the behaviour of the TLD system adequately under a variety of loading conditions. In particular, the NSD model incorporates the stiffness hardening property of the TLD under large amplitude excitation.
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Yu et al. (1999) studied this question.
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