SmART-TBI: A fully remote protocol for a randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded clinical trial for a dietary supplement to improve sleep in Veterans

glutamate/GABA synthesis in the CNS, restored normal sleep-wake patterns and improved cognitive function in rodents. Our recent pilot work in humans showed preliminary feasibility/acceptability and limited efficacy for BCAAs to improve sleep in Veterans with TBI. However, these pilot data were limited in sample size, treatment dosages/duration, and therefore unable to establish efficacy or provide insight into dosing/duration parameters. The present study, SmART-TBI (supplementation with amino acid rehabilitative therapy in TBI: NCT04603443), represents a fully powered, placebo-controlled, double-masked randomized clinical trial (target n=120). Covariate adaptive randomization controlling for age, sex, TBI recency, pain, depression, and PTSD, allocated participants 1:1:1:1 to four groups comprising 3 BCAA doses ('high' 30g b.i.d.; 'medium' 20g b.i.d.; and 'low' 10g b.i.d.) and one placebo-control (rice protein, 10g b.i.d.). Outcome measures were assessed following a 2-week baseline period; after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of intervention; and after 4 weeks and 12 weeks post-intervention. Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability of the protocol. Exploratory outcomes included preliminary efficacy in improving sleep, assessed via a combination of actigraphy, mattress-sensors, sleep diaries (all analyzed daily), as well as pre- and post-BCAA overnight polysomnography for sleep staging, cognition, and quality of life measures. Results indicated high feasibility and acceptability of this fully remote protocol among Veterans with TBI.