Carbon-silica dual-phase filler, a new-generation reinforcing agent for rubber. Part VI. Time-temperature superposition of dynamic properties of carbon-silica-dual-phase-filler-filled vulcanizates

Dynamic properties such as shear modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor were obtained at a low strain amplitude over a wide range of frequencies and temperatures on vulcanizates filled with carbon black, silica, and carbon–silica dual-phase filler. The data were shifted along the frequency scale. Instead of a single smooth master curve, a pseudomaster curve with a feather-like structure is obtained. This effect is especially pronounced for the loss factor. Multiple factors may be responsible for this. Among others, filler networking and polymer–filler interaction may play a dominant role. The effect of the carbon–silica dual-phase filler on the overall dynamic properties of the vulcanizates is similar to that of silica. Their tan δ values are much lower at lower frequencies and are relatively higher at higher frequencies.