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In the United States, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly lethal cancer with limited treatment options, is primarily caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and excessive alcohol consumption.1 HCC development generally requires decades-long exposure to 1 or more risk factors.
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Shiels et al. (2020) studied this question.
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