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A novel trimeric cationic surfactant (TEC) has been investigated to use as a hydraulic fracturing fluid thickener with thermal stability. TEC was synthesized with trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, erucamidopropyl dimethylamine and hydrochloric acid at 50.0 °C for 7.0 h. The product was compounded with potassium chloride (KCl) for an optimized formulation to form viscoelastic micelles with high-temperature resistance. The apparent viscosity of 5.0 wt%TEC/1.2 wt%KCl fluid remains 23.1 mPa·s after shearing for 90.0 min at 160.0 °C and 100.0 s−1. Three-dimensional (3 D) networks formed by entangled worm-like micelles (WLMs) were observed by an environmental scanning electron microscope. The TEC/KCl solution has a simple formulation and excellent rheological properties, which enriches the viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluid class with high-temperature resistance.
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Tan et al. (2022) studied this question.
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