Mortality and recurrent events after first hospitalisation for heart failure and pulmonary heart disease: a community-based prospective study of 0.5 million Chinese adults

Figures

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  Figure 1. Age-specific hospitalisation rates for heart failure and pulmonary heart disease by sex and area. Age-specific standardised hospitalisation rates were plotted against the mean age-at-risk in each age-at-risk group. The vertical lines through the black squares are the 95% CIs. The y-axis was log-transformed to visualise log-linear trends in hospitalisation rates across age-at-risk groups.

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  Figure 2. Standardised hospitalisation rates for heart failure and pulmonary heart disease by subgroup. Hospitalisation rates were directly standardised by age-at-risk, sex and area (urban/rural). Comorbidity was defined as the presence of rheumatic heart disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, cirrhosis, hepatitis B, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis or kidney disease.

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  Figure 3. Age-specific 28-day case-fatality ratios (CFRs) after first hospitalisation for heart failure (HF) and pulmonary heart disease (PHD) by sex and area. Age-specific CFRs, represented with black squares, for HF (A) and PHD (PHD, B) were directly standardised by the sex and area structure of China Kadoorie Biobank participants with first incident hospitalisation for HF and PHD, respectively. The vertical error bars through the squares are the 95% CIs. The black squares and vertical error bars in panels (C) and (D) are cumulative mortality risk estimates and their respective 95% CI.

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  Figure 4. Five-year cumulative mortality risks after a first hospitalisation for heart failure and pulmonary heart disease by age, sex and area. The black squares and vertical error bars represent the point estimates of the cumulative mortality risks and their respective 95% CI. Cumulative mortality curves were directly standardised by age at diagnosis, sex and area as appropriate.