The up‐regulation of heme oxygenase‐1 expression in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with nicotine

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor in the development and further progression of periodontal diseases. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known as a stress-inducible protein and functions as an antioxidant enzyme. There is limited information on the expression of HO-1 in smoking-associated periodontal disease. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nicotine on the expression of HO-1 protein in cultured human gingival fibroblasts in vitro and further to compare HO-1 expression in gingival tissues obtained from cigarette smokers and non-smokers in vivo. METHODS: Western blot assay was used to investigate the effects on human gingival fibroblasts exposed to nicotine. In addition, antioxidants catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) were added to test how they modulated the effects on nicotine-induced HO-1 expression. Gingival biopsies taken from the flap surgery of 20 male patients with periodontal disease (10 cigarette smokers and 10 non-smokers) were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The exposure of quiescent human gingival fibroblasts to 10 mm nicotine resulted in the induction of HO-1 protein expression in a time-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The addition of glutathione (GSH) precursor NAC inhibited the nicotine-induced HO-1 protein expression (p < 0.05). However, SOD and catalase did not decrease the nicotine-induced HO-1 protein expression (p > 0.05). The results from immunohistochemistry demonstrated that HO-1 expression was significantly higher in cigarette smokers (p < 0.05). HO-1 was noted in the basal layers of epithelium, inflammatory cells, and fibroblasts in specimens from cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results suggest that HO-1 expression is significantly up-regulated in gingival tissues from cigarette smokers, and nicotine may, among other constituents, be responsible for the enhanced HO-1 expression in vivo. The regulation of HO-1 expression induced by nicotine is critically dependent on the intracellular GSH concentration.