The In Vitro Induction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Replication in Purified Protein Derivative‐Positive HIV‐Infected Persons by Recall Antigen Response toMycobacterium tuberculosisIs the Result of a Balance of the Effects of Endogenous Interleukin‐2 and Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Cytokines

Coinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a serious problem, particularly in developing countries. Recently, M. tuberculosis and purified protein derivative (PPD) were demonstrated to induce HIV replication in CD8 T cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-positive, PPD-positive persons but not in cells from PPD-negative persons. The role of endogenous and exogenous cytokines in modulating M. tuberculosis-induced HIV replication was evaluated. M. tuberculosis-induced HIV replication decreased following simultaneous inhibition of endogenous interleukin (IL)-2, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by the addition of soluble receptors and receptor antagonists or following exogenous IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. In contrast, neutralization of endogenous IL-10 and TGF-beta augmented M. tuberculosis-induced HIV replication by increasing cellular activation. Thus, the balance between IL-2 and proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines plays a major role in M. tuberculosis-induced replication of HIV.