Patient Blood Management Program Implementation and Assessment Tool: Measuring Compliance With Guidelines and World Health Organization 2021 Policy Brief

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Anesth Analg . 2025 Nov 1;141(5):956–963. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000007364. Health care systems worldwide face mounting pressure to improve patient outcomes while operating under increasingly constrained financial resources. Health expenditures have grown faster than economic growth, making current models unsustainable. In response, future health care delivery must emphasize more efficient use of existing resources. Recognizing this need, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a 2021 Policy Brief urging all member states to adopt patient blood management (PBM) as a standard of care to improve clinical outcomes while reducing costs. However, entrenched clinical culture, long-standing medical practices, and behavioral resistance have been identified as major barriers to effective PBM implementation.