We have made systematic measurements of scattered projectile charge-state distributions for multicharged He, N, Ne, Na, and Ar ions grazingly incident on a Au(110) single-crystal target. For projectiles whose neutral binding energies lie below the valence band (N, Ar, He, and Ne), observed 1+ charge fractions were small at low velocities and steeply increased above well-defined threshold velocities. However, for Na projectiles with neutral binding energy above the Fermi level, a large (about 84%) 1+ charge fraction was found. The velocity dependence of the Na neutral fraction shows a ``kinematic resonance'' due to the virtual population of electronic states above the Fermi level in the projectile rest frame. The measured sample temperature dependence of the scattered 1+ charge fraction for Ne⁹⁺ projectiles incident along the [110] surface channeling direction reveals a significant decrease in projectile neutralization once the (2×{}1)-(1×{}1) phase transition temperature of the Au(110) surface at 650 K has been reached. {} 1996 The American Physical Society.
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Yan et al. (1996) studied this question.