Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Humans and Swine, Bolivia

We determined the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in persons in 2 rural communities in southeastern Bolivia and the presence of HEV in human and swine fecal samples.HEV seroprevalence was 6.3%, and HEV genotype 3 strains with high sequence homology were detected.H epatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of epidemic and sporadic acute hepatitis in areas with poor sanitary conditions.The infection is endemic to southeast and central Asia, the Middle East, northern and western parts of Africa, and North America (1).Sporadic cases of HEV infection have also been reported in industrialized countries, usually associated with traveling in disease-endemic areas.Transmission of HEV occurs predominantly by the fecal-oral route, mostly through contaminated drinking water (1).Several animal sources of HEV have been identifi ed (2).The fi rst strain of animal origin was identifi ed in 1997 in swine in the United States (3).Subsequently, several studies documented that swine are the largest reservoir of HEV (4-7).Little data are available on HEV seroprevalence in countries in South America (8).The fi rst study of HEV infection in Bolivia was a seroprevalence survey conducted in 1997 in rural southeastern Bolivia (9).The purposes of this study were to reassess HEV seroprevalence in humans in the same area and identify the virus in humans and swine. The StudyThe survey was conducted in November-December 2006.We surveyed 2 rural communities in southeastern Bolivia: Bartolo in Hernando Siles Province, Department of Chuquisaca; and Casas Viejas in Vallegrande Province, Department of Santa Cruz.The local economy is based on agriculture and animal farming.Persons live in close contact with animals, mainly swine, in the absence of adequate housing or fencing.Informed consent to obtain samples was obtained from all adults and from parents of minors participating in the survey.The study design, including its ethical aspects, was approved by the Bolivian Ministry of Health and the local health authorities.Blood samples were taken from 236 persons (172 in Bartolo and 64 in Casas Viejas, age range 1-87 years).Individual fecal samples were obtained from 122 persons (90 in Bartolo and 32 in Casas Viejas, age range 3-62 years).Feces samples were combined into 22 pools (16 in Bartolo and 6 in Casas Viejas).Each pool consisted of 4-10 individual fecal samples from persons of the same age range.Individual fecal samples were taken also from 121 swine (67 in Bartolo and 54 in Casas Viejas, age range 2-12 months) and combined into 22 pools (13 in Bartolo and 9 in Casas Viejas).Serum samples were tested for immunoglobulin (Ig) G against HEV.Samples from persons with fecal samples positive for HEV RNA were also tested for IgM against HEV by using commercial ELISA kits (HEV IgG/IgM; DIA.PRO Srl, Milan, Italy).HEV RNA was detected by using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) with 22 human and 22 swine fecal pools.Three grams of feces from each pool were homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline and centrifuged for 1 hour at 4°C.RNA was extracted by using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany).RT-PCR was performed in reduced reaction volumes of 25 μL instead of 50 μL (10).For human pools positive for HEV RNA, PCR was conducted with individual fecal samples that had been used in the pool.For phylogenetic analysis, internal primer sequences were used to amplify isolates of human and swine HEV.The 348-nt sequence in open reading frame 2 of HEV isolates was analyzed and compared with corresponding regions of other known human and swine HEV strains available in GenBank.Sequences were aligned by using ClustalW2 (www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalw2).Phylogenetic analysis was conducted by using MEGA5 (www. megasoftware.net).Geographic origin, identifi cation code, and GenBank accession numbers of nucleotide sequences of the HEV strains used in the phylogenetic and sequence analyses are Japan, JJT-Kan (AB091394); Japan, JSN-Sap-FHo2C (AB200239); Japan, JSN-Sap (AB091395); Japan,