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Ruud Foppen, Rien Reijnen, The Effects of Car Traffic on Breeding Bird Populations in Woodland. II. Breeding Dispersal of Male Willow Warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus) in Relation to the Proximity of a Highway, Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Feb., 1994), pp. 95-101
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Foppen et al. (1994) studied this question.
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