Anatabine, Nornicotine, and Anabasine Reduce Weight Gain and Body Fat through Decreases in Food Intake and Increases in Physical Activity

Figures

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  Figure 1. Mean (±S.E.M.) change in body weight over six days, following injections of either saline (orange; n = 8), nicotine (blue; n = 10), nornicotine (green; n = 10), anabasine (red; n = 10), or anatabine (purple; n = 10). Weight change is expressed relative to the mean body weight during the final day of the baseline phase (day 0) as absolute cumulative weight gain in grams (panel A) and as a percent change in body weight (panel B). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 difference from baseline (day 0) body weight at the indicated day. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 difference from weight gain in the saline group at the indicated day. Significance marks are color-coded to reflect which drug group experienced significant changes.

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  Figure 2. Mean (±S.E.M.) change in body composition before and after drug treatment, on the final day of saline injections (day 0; pre-drug) and the final day of the treatment phase (day 7; post-drug) in animals that received daily injections of either saline (n = 8), nicotine (n = 10), nornicotine (n = 10), anabasine (n = 10), or anatabine (n = 10) for 6 consecutive days. Body composition change is expressed as the contributions of fat mass (g; panel A) and lean mass (g; panel B) to overall body weight, as measured by EchoMRI. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 difference from pre-drug to post-drug. # p < 0.05 difference from the saline group at the indicated timepoint.

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  Figure 3. Mean (±S.E.M.) of changes in food (chow) intake over six days, following injections of either saline (orange; n = 8), nicotine (blue; n = 10), nornicotine (green; n = 10), anabasine (red; n = 10), or anatabine (purple; n = 10). Changes in food intake are expressed relative to the mean food intake during the final day of the baseline phase (day 0), as absolute cumulative change (panel A) and as a percent change (panel B) in food intake. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 difference from baseline food intake (day 0) at the indicated day. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 difference from food intake in the saline group at the indicated day. Significance marks are color-coded to reflect which drug group experienced significant changes.

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  Figure 4. Mean (±S.E.M.) of changes in physical activity over six days, measured as the mean distance traveled in meters, following injections of saline (orange; n = 8), nicotine (blue; n = 10), nornicotine (green; n = 10), anabasine (red; n = 10), or anatabine (purple; n = 10). Changes in physical activity are expressed relative to the mean activity during the final day of the baseline phase (day 0), as absolute cumulative change (panel A) and as a percent change (panel B) in activity. * p < 0.05 difference from the saline group on the indicated day; # p < 0.05 difference from baseline physical activity (day 0) at the indicated day. Significance marks are color- coded to reflect which drug group experienced significant changes.

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  Figure 5. Mean (±S.E.M.) of changes in physical activity during the dark (panel A) and light (panel B) cycles, as well as the full 24 h period (panel C), for the final day of baseline (day 0), and days 1 of 6 of treatment injections of saline (n = 8), nicotine (n = 10), nornicotine (n = 10), anabasine (n = 10), or anatabine (n = 10). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 difference from baseline activity (day 0) at the indicated day.

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  Figure 6. Mean (±S.E.M.) of cumulative changes in physical activity, measured as the mean distance traveled in meters during the 6 h following injections of saline (panel A; n = 8), nicotine (panel B; n = 10), nornicotine (panel C; n = 10), anabasine (panel D; n = 10), or anatabine (panel E; n = 10) for the final day of baseline (day 0), and days 1 and 6 of treatment injections. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 difference from baseline activity (day 0) at the indicated hour.

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  Figure 7. Mean (±S.E.M.) of absolute changes in physical activity, measured as the mean distance traveled in meters during the 6 h following injections of saline (panel A; n = 8), nicotine (panel B; n = 10), nornicotine (panel C; n = 10), anabasine (panel D; n = 10), or anatabine (panel E; n = 10) for the final day of baseline (day 0), and days 1 and 6 of treatment injections. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 difference from baseline activity (day 0) at the indicated hour.