Negative Thermal Expansion in Hybrid Improper Ferroelectric Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskites by Symmetry Trapping

We present new results on the microscopic nature of the ferroelectricity mechanisms in Ca₃Mn₂O₇ and Ca₃Ti₂O₇. To the first approximation, we confirm the hybrid improper ferroelectric mechanism recently proposed by Benedek and Fennie for these Ruddlesden-Popper compounds. However, in Ca₃Mn₂O₇ we find that there is a complex competition between lattice modes of different symmetry which leads to a phase coexistence over a large temperature range and the ``symmetry trapping'' of a soft mode. This trapping of the soft mode leads to a large uniaxial negative thermal expansion (NTE) reaching a maximum between 250 and 350 K (3.6×10^-6 K^-1) representing the only sizable NTE reported for these and related perovskite materials to date. Our results suggest a systematic strategy for designing and searching for ceramics with large NTE coefficients.