Emergence of smart-farming practices in Nigeria agriculture: the costs, benefits, and implications for youth engagement in agriculture

Conventional agricultural practices in Nigeria are increasingly associated with significant environmental degradation and declining youth engagement, posing serious threats to food security and the long-term sustainability of the sector. In response to these challenges, particularly in the context of rapid population growth, there is a growing imperative to adopt innovative approaches such as smart-farming technologies. This study presents a critical review of existing literature on the emergence and application of smart-farming practices in Nigeria, with a specific focus on technologies ranging from hydroponics to precision and greenhouse farming. It evaluates the extent of progress achieved and synthesizes evidence on the associated economic costs and benefits, while also examining implications for youth participation in agriculture. The findings indicate that smart-farming holds considerable potential to transform the agricultural sector, enhance productivity and profitability, and stimulate increased youth involvement. However, the realization of these benefits is contingent upon addressing key constraints that limit the adoption and effective implementation of such technologies. The study further demonstrates that smart-farming represents a viable long-term investment, with the capacity to reduce production costs by approximately 5–46%, improve efficiency, and strengthen overall food security outcomes in Nigeria.