Cardioprotective Effect of Rumex vesicarius Linn. Leaf Extract against Catecholamine-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Figure 1. HPLC chromatogram of R. vesicarius extract showing the phenolic profile (kaempferol, gallic acid, catechin, coumarin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, emodine, rutin and quercetin), concerning retention time of standard.

Figure 2. Antioxidant potential of R. vesicarius concerning ascorbic acid by DPPH assay (n = 5).

Figure 3. Nitric oxide scavenging potential (%) of aqueous-methanolic leaf extract of R. vesicarius.

Figure 4. Cardioprotective impact of R. vesicarius extract on the cardiac markers, LDH (a), CK-MB (b), and troponin (c) in the presence of ADR. ANOVA with one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test was used (* p ≤ 0.005, *** p ≥ 0.001, and ns p ≤ 0.005, n = 5).

Figure 5. Cardioprotective impact of R. vesicarius extract on cardio-hepatic markers ALP (a), AST (b), ALT (c), and CRP (d) in the presence of ADR. ANOVA with one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test was used (*** p ≥ 0.001, and ns p ≤ 0.005, n = 5).

Figure 6. Cardioprotective impact of R. vesicarius extract on heart weight to body weight ratio against ADR-induced LVH and control. ANOVA with one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test was used (** p ≤ 0.005, *** p ≥ 0.001, and n = 5).

Figure 7. Histopathological changes in the ventricle part of rabbits’ hearts are depicted in this photomicrograph (a,b) R. vesicarius 100 mg/kg + ADR (c) 200 mg/kg R. vesicarius (d) 300 mg/kg R. vesicarius + ADR In comparison to the ADR-treated group, less inflammatory cells, cardiomyocyte deterioration, infiltration, and fibrosis were noticed in a dose-dependent manner; rectangular shapes indicate extended cardiomyocytes, upward arrows depict cellular infiltration, oval shapes depict cardiac fibrosis, and downward arrows indicate a dense normal cluster of cardiomyocytes. Magnification factor of 100.

Figure 8. Dose–response curves of R. vesicarius extract against PE (1 μM) caused contraction for endothelium intact and denuded rabbit aorta (a) pretreated with L-NA (1 × 10−4 M) (b) Pretreated with atropine (1 μM) (c) against nor-adrenaline (10 μM) induced contraction endothelium intact and denuded rabbit aorta (d). The values (n = 5) are shown as mean ± SEM.

Figure 9. Dose–response curves of R. vesicarius extract (a) and verapamil (b) against PE (1 mM) and K+ (80 mM) induced contractions, their respective effect on the sigmoidal dose–response curves of CaCl2 in isolated rabbit aorta preparations (c,d). The values (n = 5) depicted are mean ± SEM.

Figure 10. Antiaggregatory effect of R. vesicarius extract against ADR caused adhesion on human platelet. All three doses of R. vesicarius showed significant antiaggregatory impact in a dose-dependent manner (* p ≤ 0.005, ** p ≥ 0.002, *** p ≥ 0.000 and n = 5).