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The year 2025 marked Seymour “Gig” Levine’s centennial birthday. This volume provides an opportunity to recognize his scientific genius and the extraordinary impact he had on the fields of developmental psychobiology and stress. Gig Levine was among the first scientists to demonstrate that early-life experiences, whether aversive or rewarding, shape hormonal responses to stressful events later in life. His work, conducted primarily in rodents and non-human primates examined the influence of early-life experiences, maternal mediation, and cognitive appraisal of challenging situations on hormonal and behavioral responses to stress in the offspring. This special issue brings together original research articles and reviews addressing developmental aspects of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and highlights how multiple environmental factors linked to parental behavior and glucocorticoid action can have long-term consequences for multiple systems in the offspring.
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Walker et al. (2026) studied this question.
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