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C. J. Pennycuick, , T. A. M. Bradbury, Myrfyn Owen, Migrating Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus: Satellite Tracks and Flight Performance Calculations, Journal of Avian Biology, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Jun., 1996), pp. 118-134
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Pennycuick et al. (1996) studied this question.
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