Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
This article refutes Turnbaugh's (1979) thesis that explains the origin and spread of the calumet ceremony by proceeding from Wallace's (1956) model of nativistic movements. It presents ethnohistoric and archaeological evidence for the origin of the calumet prior to A.D. 1634 on the Great Plains and explains its subsequent spread into the Woodlands in terms of alliances for trade and warfare.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Donald J. Blakeslee (1981) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: